acervulus - saucer shaped or cushion-like fungal fruiting body bearing conidiophores, conidia, and sometimes setae.

anamorph - the asexual form (also called the imperfect state) in the life cycle of a fungus, when asexual spores (such as conidia) or no spores are produced.

anthesis - the time of pollination or bloom.

anthocyanin - blue, purple, red, or pink water-soluble flavanoid pigment in cell sap.

anthracnose - disease caused by acervuli-forming fungi (order Melanconiales) and characterised by sunken lesions and necrosis.

ascocarp - sexual fruiting body (ascus-bearing organ) of an ascomycete.

ascomycete - member of a class of fungi that produce sexual spores (ascospores) endogenously within an ascus.

ascospore - sexual spore borne in an ascus.

ascus - saclike cell in which ascospores (typically eight) are produced.

asexual - vegetative; without sex organs, sex cells, or sexual spores, as the anamorph of a fungus.

basidiomycete - member of a class of fungi that form sexual spores (basidiospores) on a basidium.

basidiospore - haploid spore of a basidiomycete.

basidium - (pl. basidia, adj. basidial) - short, club-shaped fungus cell on which basidiospores are produced.

biological control - disease or pest control through counterbalance by microorganisms and other natural components of the environment - infra-subspecific group of organisms differentiated from other such groups within the same species by biochemical or physiological properties (also called biotype).

blight - any sudden, severe, and extensive spotting, discolouration, wilting, or destruction of leaves, flowers, stems, or entire plants, usually attacking young, growing tissues (in disease names, often coupled with the name of the affected part of the host, eg., leaf blight. blossom blight, shoot blight)

bloom - flowering, as indicated by the shedding or caps; the waxy coating on grape berries, which gives a frosted appearance to dark - coloured varieties.

budbreak - stage of bud development when green tissue becomes visible.

calyx - outermost short of organs of a flower

cambium - sheath of meristematic cells in stem and root, which divide primarily tangentially, producing secondary xylem toward the inside and secondary phloem toward the outside.

canker - necrotic, localised diseased area.

carbohydrate - any of various chemical compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, such as sugars, starches, and cellulose.

casual agent - organism or agent that produces a given disease.

chlorophyll - green pigment of plants that absorbs light energy and makes it effective in photosynthesis.

chlorosis - abnormal plant colour of light green or yellow due to incomplete formation or destruction of chlorophyll.

cirrus - a curl-like tuft; a tendril-like mass or "spore horn" of forced-out spores.

cleistothecium - closed, usually spherical, ascus-containing structure of powdery mildew fungi.

conidiophore - specialised fungal hypha on which conidia (conidiospores) are produced.

conidium - asexual spore formed by abstriction and detachment of part of a hyphal cell at the end of a conidiophore and germinating by a germ tube.

cultivar (cv.) - a cultivated plant variety, or cultural selection.

culture - artificial growth and propagation of organisms on nutrient media or living plants.

cuticle - water-repellent waxy covering (cutin) of epidermal cells of plant parts such as leaves, stems, and fruits; The outer sheath or membrane of nematodes.

diagnostic - distinctive, as of a distinguishing characteristic serving to identify or determine the presence of a disease or other condition.

dieback - progressive death of shoots, leaves, or roots, beginning at the tips.

dissemination - spread of infectious material (inoculum) from diseased to healthy plants.

dormancy - non-growing condition of a plant, caused by internal factors (as in endodormancy) or environmental factors (as in ectodormancy).

drop - shatter: dropping of unpollinated flowers and young fruits.

echinulated - having spines or other sharp projections.

ectoparasite - parasite living outside its host.

ELISA - see enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

endemic - native to or peculiar to a locality or region.

endoparasite - parasite living within its host.

enzyme - protein that catalyses a specific biochemical reaction.

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - a serological test in which the sensitivity of the antibody-antigen reaction is increased by attaching an enzyme to one of the two reactants.

epidemic - general and serious outbreak of disease (used loosely to plants)

epidemiology - the study of factors influencing the initiation, development, and spread of infectious disease.

epidermis - outermost layer of cells on plant parts.

epinasty - downward curvature of a leaf, leaf part, or stem.

eradicant - chemical used to eliminate a pathogen from a host or an environment.

eradicate - to destroy or remove a pest or pathogen after disease has become established.

erumpent - breaking out or erupting through the surface.

evapotranspiration - total amount of water removed from the vineyard ecosystem by evaporation and by transpiration.

facultative - capable of changing life-style, e.g., from saprophytic to parasitic or the reverse.

fructification - fruiting body.

fruit - mature ovary (berry) or cluster of mature ovaries.

fruiting body - any of various complex, spore-bearing fungal structures.

fungicide - chemical or physical agent that kills or inhibits the growth of fungi.

gall - outgrowth or swelling of unorganised plant cells produced as a result of attack by bacteria, fungi, or other organisms.

hyperplasia - abnormal increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, resulting in formation of galls or tumours.

hypersensitive - extremely or excessively sensitive; having a type of resistance resulting from extreme sensitivity to a disease.

hypertrophy - abnormal increase in the size of cells in a tissue or organ, resulting in formation of galls or tumours.

imperfect state - see anamorph

incubation period - time between infection by a pathogen and appearance of symptoms.

indicator plant - plant that reacts to a pathogen (such as a virus) or to an environmental factor with specific symptoms, used to identify pathogens or determine the effects of environmental factors.

infection - process in which a pathogen enters, invades, or penetrates and establishes a parasitic relationship with a host plant.

infection court - site in or on a host plant where infection can occur.

infectious - capable of spreading disease from plant to plant.

infective - referring to an organism or virus able to attack a host and cause infection; referring to a vector carrying or containing a pathogen and able to transfer it to a host plant, causing infection.

infest - to attack as a parasite (used especially of insects and nematodes); to contaminate, as with microorganisms; to be present in numbers.

inflorescence - cluster of flowers.

inoculate - to place inoculum in an infection court.

inoculum - pathogen or pathogen part (e.g., spores, mycelium) that infects plants.

internode - the portion of a stem between two adjacent nodes.

interveinal - between (leaf) veins.

intracellular - within cells.

in vitro - in glass, on artificial media, or in an artificial environment.

isolate - pure microbial culture, separated from its natural origin.

Koch’s postulates - proof of pathogenically by consistent association of a pathogen with a disease, isolation of the pathogen in pure culture, reinoculation of the host with the pathogen resulting in the same symptoms or disease originally observed, and re-isolation of the pathogen (identical to the original isolate) from the newly inoculated plant.

lamina - the broad, expanded portion, or blade, of a leaf.

latent - present, but not manifested or visible, as a symptomless infection.

lenticel - a group of loosely arranged, corky cells (as on the epidermis of a mature grape berry, pedicel, or stem) permitting gas exchange.

lesion - wound or delimited diseased area.

macrocyclic - referring to a long-cycled rust producing at least one type of binucleate spore in addition to the teliospore.

mechanical injury - injury of a plant part by abrasion, mutilation, or wounding.

micronutrient - nutrient required in small quantities (trace amounts) for normal growth and reproduction but toxic at high concentrations.

mottle - disease symptom characterised by light and dark areas in an irregular pattern on a leaf or fruit.

mucilaginous - viscous, slimy.

mummify - to dry and shrivel up.

mummy - a dried and shrivelled fruit or berry.

mycelium - mass of hyphae constituting the body (thallus) of a fungus.

mycoparasite - fungus parasite on another fungus.

necrosis - (adj. necrotic) death of tissue, usually accompanied by black or brown darkening.

nematicide - agent, usually a chemical, that kills or inhibits nematodes.

nepovirus - any of a group nematode-transmitted polyhedral viruses.

node - enlarged portion of a shoot or cane at which leaves, clusters, tendrils, or buds are located.

obligate parasite - organism that can grow or reproduce only on or in living tissue.

oospore - thick-walled, sexually derived resting spore of oomycete fungi.

ovary - ovule-bearing portion of a pistil.

overwinter - to survive over the winter period.

parasite - organism that lives with, in, or on another organism (host) to its own advantage and to the disadvantage of the host.

pathogen - any disease-producing organism.

pedicel - stalk of a flower or berry

peduncle - portion of a rachis (cluster stem) from the point of attachment to the shoot to the first lateral branch of the cluster.

perfect state - see teleomorph.

perithecium - flask-shaped or subglobose, thin-walled ascocarp (fungal fruiting body), containing asci and ascospores and having an ostiole (pore) at the apex, through which spores are expelled or otherwise released.

phenological - of the relation of developmental stages of plants to seasonal changes.

phytoalexin - substance that inhibits the growth of certain microorganisms and that is produced in higher plants in response to a number of chemical, physical, and biological stimuli.

phytotoxic - harmful to plants (usually used to describe chemicals).

phytotoxicity - injury or damage to a plant due to chemical treatment.

phtotoxin - a toxin affecting plants.

pistil - female structure of a flower, composed of the stigma, on which pollen grains germinate, and the style, through which the pollen tube grows to the ovule in the ovary.

primary infection - the first infection of a plant, usually in the spring by an overwintering pathogen.

primary inoculum - inoculum, usually from an overwintering source, that initiates disease in the field, as opposed to inoculum that spreads disease during the season.

primary symptom - the symptom produced soon after infection, in contrast to a secondary symptom, which follows more complete invasion.

propagule - any part of an organism capable of independent growth.

protectant - agent, usually a chemical, applied to a plant surface in advance of a pathogen to prevent infection.

pustule - blister-like, small erumpent spot, spore mass, or sorus.

pycnidiophore - specialised fungal hypha on which pycniciospores are produced.

pycnidiospore - spore (conidium) produced in a pycnidium.

pycnidium - asexual, globose or flask-shaped fruiting body of fungi producing conidia.

resistance - property of hosts that prevents or impedes disease development.

rhizomorph - fungus mycelium arranged in strands, rootlike in appearance.

ring spot - disease symptom characterised by yellowish or necrotic rings enclosing green tissue, as in some plant diseases caused by viruses.

rugose - wrinkled.

russet - yellowish brown or reddish brown scar tissue on the surface of fruit.

sanitation - destruction of infected and infested plants or plant parts.

saprophyte - nonpathogenic organism that obtains nourishment from the products of organic breakdown and decay.

scab - crust-like disease lesion.

sclerotium - hard, usually darkened and rounded mass of dormant hyphae with differentiated rind and medulla and thick, hard cell walls, which permit survival in adverse environments.

secondary infection - infection resulting from the spread of infectious material produced after a primary infection or from other secondary infections without an intervening inactive period.

secondary inoculum - inoculum produced by infections that took place during the same growing season.

secondary organism - organism that multiplies in already diseased tissue but is not the primary pathogen.

secondary rot - rot caused by a secondary organism.

senesce - to decline with maturity or age, often hastened by stress from environment or disease.

shot hole - disease symptom characterised by the dropping out of small, round fragments of leaves, making them look as if riddled by shot.

sign - indication of disease from direct visibility of a pathogen or its parts.

sorus - compact fruiting structure of rust fungi.

sp. (pl. spp.) - species (sp. used after a genus name refers to an undetermined species; spp. after a genus name refers to several species without naming them individually).

sporangium - fungal structure producing asexual spores, usually zoospores.

spore - reproductive body of fungi and other lower plants, containing one or more cells; a bacterial cell modified to survive an adverse environment.

sporulate - to produce spores.

stamen - male structure of a flower, composed of an anther, bearing pollen, and a filament, or stalk (see also pollen).

stigma - structure on which pollen grains germinate in a pistil.

stroma - compact mass of mycelium that supports fruiting bodies.

subepidermal - beneath the epidermis.

substrate - the substance on which an organism lives or from which it obtains nutrients; chemical substances acted upon, often by an enzyme.

symptom - indication of disease by reaction of the host.

symptomless carrier - a plant infected with a pathogen (usually a virus) but having no obvious symptoms.

systemic - pertaining to a disease in which the pathogen (or a single infection) spreads generally throughout a plant; pertaining to chemicals that spread internally through a plant.

teleomorph - the sexual form (also called the perfect state, or sexual stage) in the life cycle of a fungus, in which sexual spores (ascospores or basidiospores) are formed after nuclear fission.

tissue - group of cells, usually of similar structure, that perform the same or related functions.

tolerance - capacity of a plant or crop to sustain disease or endure adverse environment without serious damage or injury.

toxin - poisonous substance of biological origin.

translocation - movement of water, nutrients, chemicals, or elaborated food materials within a plant.

transpiration - water loss by evaporation from leaf surfaces and through stomata.

trunk - in viticultural usage, the vertical aboveground axis of a grapevine.

uredospore - repeating vegetative spore of rust fungi.

uredium - fruiting body (sorus) of rust fungi that produces uredospores.

variety - group of closely related plants of common origin and similar characteristics within a species (see also cultivar).

vascular - pertaining to conductive tissues (xylem and phloem).

vascular bundle - strand of conductive tissue, usually composed of xylem and phloem (in leaves, small bundles are called veins).

vector - agent that transmits inoculum and is capable of disseminating disease.

vegetative - referring to somatic or asexual parts of a plant, which are not involved in sexual reproduction.

vein - small vascular bundle in a leaf.

veinbanding - discolouration or chlorosis occurring in bands along leaf veins, setting them off from interveinal tissue, a symptom of virus diseases.

viable - able to germinate, as seeds, fungus spores, sclerotia, etc.; capable of growth.

water-soaked - describing plants or lesions that appear wet and dark and are usually sunken and translucent.

wilt - loss of freshness or drooping of plants due to inadequate water supply or excessive transpiration; a vascular disease interfering with water utilisation.

witch’s broom - disease symptom characterised by an abnormal, massed, brush-like development of many weak shoots arising at or close to the same point.

xylem - water-conducting, food-storing, and supporting tissue of roots, stems, etc.

zonate - marked with zones; having concentric rings, like a target.

zoospore - fungus spore with flagells, capable of locomotion in water.

Glossary taken from :
Balasubramaniam, R., I.C. Harvey, M. Braithwaite, D. Jordan. 1993. Grapevine Disease Identification and Management Workshop. HortResearch Client Report No. 93/36.