San Jose scale classical biological control

	San Jose scale - classical biological control in New Zealand

San Jose scale was introduced to New Zealand without its full complement of natural enemies. Classical biological control involves introducing these exotic parasites and predators in an attempt to reduce pest populations (see Table). Further introductions of natural enemies are warranted for this pest.

Insect species and source	Date	Status
Aphytis diaspidis India	1959-60	This species was already present in New Zealand. Evidence following this later introduction was that these wasps also established.
Encarsia citrina U.S.A.	1923	This species was already present in New Zealand. Evidence following this later introduction was that it was not successful.
Encarsia perniciosi India	1959-60	This species was already present in New Zealand. Evidence following this later introduction was that these wasps also established.
Mite species and source
Hemisarcoptes malus (Shimer) Nova Scotia	1967	Initial establishment occurred on oystershell scale and black scale in Nelson, where it persisted for several years. Its present status is uncertain.
Hemisarcoptes coccophagus Meyer Israel	1987	This species has established on other scale insect pests of kiwifruit. Releases in Nelson into a San Jose scale population on pear in 1991 initially indicated success (new host record) but it did not establish.